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Prepositions and Particles

Prepositions and Particles

The prepositions and particles in the list below are all used to make phrasal verbs.
'' About , Across , After , Against , Ahead , Along , Apart , Around , As , Aside , At , Away, Back , By , Down , For , Forth , Forward , From , In , Into , It , Of , Off , On ,Onto , Out , Over , Round , Through , To , Together , Towards , Under , Up ,Upon , With ''

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English Irregular Verb List

list of 211 English irregular verbs, including their base form, past simple, past participle, 3rd person singular, and the present participle / gerund

Base Form	Past Simple	Past Participle	3rd Person Singular	Present Participle / Gerund
Abide	Abode/Abided	Abode/Abided/Abidden	Abides	Abiding
Alight	Alit/Alighted	Alit/Alighted	Alights	Alighting
Arise	Arose	Arisen	Arises	Arising
Awake	Awoke	Awoken	Awakes	Awaking
Be	Was/Were	Been	Is	Being
Bear	Bore	Born/Borne	Bears	Bearing
Beat	Beat	Beaten	Beats	Beating
Become	Became	Become	Becomes	Becoming
Begin	Began	Begun	Begins	Beginning
Behold	Beheld	Beheld	Beholds	Beholding
Bend	Bent	Bent	Bends	Bending
Bet	Bet	Bet	Bets	Betting
Bid	Bade	Bidden	Bids	Bidding
Bid	Bid	Bid	Bids	Bidding
Bind	Bound	Bound	Binds	Binding
Bite	Bit	Bitten	Bites	Biting
Bleed	Bled	Bled	Bleeds	Bleeding
Blow	Blew	Blown	Blows	Blowing
Break	Broke	Broken	Breaks	Breaking
Breed	Bred	Bred	Breeds	Breeding
Bring	Brought	Brought	Brings	Bringing
Broadcast	Broadcast/Broadcasted	Broadcast/Broadcasted	Broadcasts	Broadcasting
Build	Built	Built	Builds	Building
Burn	Burnt/Burned	Burnt/Burned	Burns	Burning
Burst	Burst	Burst	Bursts	Bursting
Bust	Bust	Bust	Busts	Busting
Buy	Bought	Bought	Buys	Buying
Cast	Cast	Cast	Casts	Casting
Catch	Caught	Caught	Catches	Catching
Choose	Chose	Chosen	Chooses	Choosing
Clap	Clapped/Clapt	Clapped/Clapt	Claps	Clapping
Cling	Clung	Clung	Clings	Clinging
Clothe	Clad/Clothed	Clad/Clothed	Clothes	Clothing
Come	Came	Come	Comes	Coming
Cost	Cost	Cost	Costs	Costing
Creep	Crept	Crept	Creeps	Creeping
Cut	Cut	Cut	Cuts	Cutting
Dare	Dared/Durst	Dared	Dares	Daring
Deal	Dealt	Dealt	Deals	Dealing
Dig	Dug	Dug	Digs	Digging
Dive	Dived/Dove	Dived	Dives	Diving
Do	Did	Done	Does	Doing
Draw	Drew	Drawn	Draws	Drawing
Dream	Dreamt/Dreamed	Dreamt/Dreamed	Dreams	Dreaming
Drink	Drank	Drunk	Drinks	Drinking
Drive	Drove	Driven	Drives	Driving
Dwell	Dwelt	Dwelt	Dwells	Dwelling
Eat	Ate	Eaten	Eats	Eating
Fall	Fell	Fallen	Falls	Falling
Feed	Fed	Fed	Feeds	Feeding
Feel	Felt	Felt	Feels	Feeling
Fight	Fought	Fought	Fights	Fighting
Find	Found	Found	Finds	Finding
Fit	Fit/Fitted	Fit/Fitted	Fits	Fitting
Flee	Fled	Fled	Flees	Fleeing
Fling	Flung	Flung	Flings	Flinging
Fly	Flew	Flown	Flies	Flying
Forbid	Forbade/Forbad	Forbidden	Forbids	Forbidding
Forecast	Forecast/Forecasted	Forecast/Forecasted	Forecasts	Forecasting
Foresee	Foresaw	Foreseen	Foresees	Foreseeing
Foretell	Foretold	Foretold	Foretells	Foretelling
Forget	Forgot	Forgotten	Forgets	Foregetting
Forgive	Forgave	Forgiven	Forgives	Forgiving
Forsake	Forsook	Forsaken	Forsakes	Forsaking
Freeze	Froze	Frozen	Freezes	Freezing
Frostbite	Frostbit	Frostbitten	Frostbites	Frostbiting
Get	Got	Got/Gotten	Gets	Getting
Give	Gave	Given	Gives	Giving
Go	Went	Gone/Been	Goes	Going
Grind	Ground	Ground	Grinds	Grinding
Grow	Grew	Grown	Grows	Growing
Handwrite	Handwrote	Handwritten	Handwrites	Handwriting
Hang	Hung/Hanged	Hung/Hanged	Hangs	Hanging
Have	Had	Had	Has	Having
Hear	Heard	Heard	Hears	Hearing
Hide	Hid	Hidden	Hides	Hiding
Hit	Hit	Hit	Hits	Hitting
Hold	Held	Held	Holds	Holding
Hurt	Hurt	Hurt	Hurts	Hurting
Inlay	Inlaid	Inlaid	Inlays	Inlaying
Input	Input/Inputted	Input/Inputted	Inputs	Inputting
Interlay	Interlaid	Interlaid	Interlays	Interlaying
Keep	Kept	Kept	Keeps	Keeping
Kneel	Knelt/Kneeled	Knelt/Kneeled	Kneels	Kneeling
Knit	Knit/Knitted	Knit/Knitted	Knits	Knitting
Know	Knew	Known	Knows	Knowing
Lay	Laid	Laid	Lays	laying
Lead	Led	Led	Leads	Leading
Lean	Leant/Leaned	Leant/Leaned	Leans	Leaning
Leap	Leapt/Leaped	Leapt/Leaped	Leaps	Leaping
Learn	Learnt/Learned	Learnt/Learned	Learns	Learning
Leave	Left	Left	Leaves	Leaving
Lend	Lent	Lent	Lends	Lending
Let	Let	Let	Lets	Letting
Lie	Lay	Lain	Lies	Lying
Light	Lit	Lit	Lights	Lighting
Lose	Lost	Lost	Loses	Losing
Make	Made	Made	Makes	Making
Mean	Meant	Meant	Means	Meaning
Meet	Met	Met	Meets	Meeting
Melt	Melted	Molten/Melted	Melts	Melting
Mislead	Misled	Misled	Misleads	Misleading
Mistake	Mistook	Mistaken	Mistakes	Mistaking
Misunderstand	Misunderstood	Misunderstood	Misunderstands	Misunderstanding
Miswed	Miswed/Miswedded	Miswed/Miswedded	Misweds	Miswedding
Mow	Mowed	Mown	Mows	Mowing
Overdraw	Overdrew	Overdrawn	Overdraws	Overdrawing
Overhear	Overheard	Overheard	Overhears	Overhearing
Overtake	Overtook	Overtaken	Overtakes	Overtaking
Pay	Paid	Paid	Pays	Paying
Preset	Preset	Preset	Presets	Presetting
Prove	Proved	Proven/Proved	Proves	Proving
Put	Put	Put	Puts	Putting
Quit	Quit	Quit	Quits	Quitting
Re-prove	Re-proved	Re-proven/Re-proved	Re-proves	Re-proving
Read	Read	Read	Reads	Reading
Rid	Rid/Ridded	Rid/Ridded	Rids	Ridding
Ride	Rode	Ridden	Rides	Riding
Ring	Rang	Rung	Rings	Ringing
Rise	Rose	Risen	Rises	Rising
Rive	Rived	Riven/Rived	Rives	Riving
Run	Ran	Run	Runs	Running
Saw	Sawed	Sawn/Sawed	Saws	Sawing
Say	Said	Said	Says	Saying
See	Saw	Seen	Sees	Seeing
Seek	Sought	Sought	Seeks	Seeking
Sell	Sold	Sold	Sells	Selling
Send	Sent	Sent	Sends	Sending
Set	Set	Set	Sets	Setting
Sew	Sewed	Sewn/Sewed	Sews	Sewing
Shake	Shook	Shaken	Shakes	Shaking
Shave	Shaved	Shaven/Shaved	Shaves	Shaving
Shear	Shore/Sheared	Shorn/Sheared	Shears	Shearing
Shed	Shed	Shed	Sheds	Shedding
Shine	Shone	Shone	Shines	Shining
Shoe	Shod	Shod	Shoes	Shoeing
Shoot	Shot	Shot	Shoots	Shooting
Show	Showed	Shown	Shows	Showing
Shrink	Shrank	Shrunk	Shrinks	Shrinking
Shut	Shut	Shut	Shuts	Shutting
Sing	Sang	Sung	Sings	Singing
Sink	Sank	Sunk	Sinks	Sinking
Sit	Sat	Sat	Sits	Sitting
Slay	Slew	Slain	Slays	Slaying
Sleep	Slept	Slept	Sleeps	Sleeping
Slide	Slid	Slid/Slidden	Slides	Sliding
Sling	Slung	Slung	Slings	Slinging
Slink	Slunk	Slunk	Slinks	Slinking
Slit	Slit	Slit	Slits	Slitting
Smell	Smelt/Smelled	Smelt/Smelled	Smells	Smelling
Sneak	Sneaked/Snuck	Sneaked/Snuck	Sneaks	Sneaking
Soothsay	Soothsaid	Soothsaid	Soothsays	Soothsaying
Sow	Sowed	Sown	Sows	Sowing
Speak	Spoke	Spoken	Speaks	Speaking
Speed	Sped/Speeded	Sped/Speeded	Speeds	Speeding
Spell	Spelt/Spelled	Spelt/Spelled	Spells	Spelling
Spend	Spent	Spent	Spends	Spending
Spill	Spilt/Spilled	Spilt/Spilled	Spills	Spilling
Spin	Span/Spun	Spun	Spins	Spinning
Spit	Spat/Spit	Spat/Spit	Spits	Spitting
Split	Split	Split	Splits	Splitting
Spoil	Spoilt/Spoiled	Spoilt/Spoiled	Spoils	Spoiling
Spread	Spread	Spread	Spreads	Spreading
Spring	Sprang	Sprung	Springs	Springing
Stand	Stood	Stood	Stands	Standing
Steal	Stole	Stolen	Steals	Stealing
Stick	Stuck	Stuck	Sticks	Sticking
Sting	Stung	Stung	Stings	Stinging
Stink	Stank	Stunk	Stinks	Stinking
Stride	Strode/Strided	Stridden	Strides	Striding
Strike	Struck	Struck/Stricken	Strikes	Striking
String	Strung	Strung	Strings	Stringing
Strip	Stript/Stripped	Stript/Stripped	Strips	Stripping
Strive	Strove	Striven	Strives	Striving
Sublet	Sublet	Sublet	Sublets	Subletting
Sunburn	Sunburned/Sunburnt	Sunburned/Sunburnt	Sunburns	Sunburning
Swear	Swore	Sworn	Swears	Swearing
Sweat	Sweat/Sweated	Sweat/Sweated	Sweats	Sweating
Sweep	Swept/Sweeped	Swept/Sweeped	Sweeps	Sweeping
Swell	Swelled	Swollen	Swells	Swelling
Swim	Swam	Swum	Swims	Swimming
Swing	Swung	Swung	Swings	Swinging
Take	Took	Taken	Takes	Taking
Teach	Taught	Taught	Teaches	Teaching
Tear	Tore	Torn	Tears	Tearing
Tell	Told	Told	Tells	Telling
Think	Thought	Thought	Thinks	Thinking
Thrive	Throve/Thrived	Thriven/Thrived	Thrives	Thriving
Throw	Threw	Thrown	Throws	Throwing
Thrust	Thrust	Thrust	Thrusts	Thrusting
Tread	Trod	Trodden	Treads	Treading
Undergo	Underwent	Undergone	Undergoes	Undergoing
Understand	Understood	Understood	Understands	Understanding
Undertake	Undertook	Undertaken	Undertakes	Undertaking
Upset	Upset	Upset	Upsets	Upsetting
Vex	Vext/Vexed	Vext/Vexed	Vexes	Vexing
Wake	Woke	Woken	Wakes	Waking
Wear	Wore	Worn	Wears	Wearing
Weave	Wove	Woven	Weaves	Weaving
Wed	Wed/Wedded	Wed/Wedded	Weds	Wedding
Weep	Wept	Wept	Weeps	Weeping
Wend	Wended/Went	Wended/Went	Wends	Wending
Wet	Wet/Wetted	Wet/Wetted	Wets	Wetting
Win	Won	Won	Wins	Winning
Wind	Wound	Wound	Winds	Winding
Withdraw	Withdrew	Withdrawn	Withdraws	Withdrawing
Withhold	Withheld	Withheld	Withholds	Withholding
Withstand	Withstood	Withstood	Withstands	Withstanding
Wring	Wrung	Wrung	Wrings	Wringing
Write	Wrote	Written	Writes	Writing
Zinc	Zinced/Zincked	Zinced/Zincked	Zincs/Zincks	Zincking

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Irregular verbs Course

. Irregular verbs .

All new verbs in English are regular.

I photocopied the report.
She faxed it to me.
They emailed everybody about it.
I googled my name and got more than 20 000 responses.

There are approximately 180 irregular verbs. You don't need to learn all of them because some of these are very rare but many others are very useful and you do need to know them.
What's the easiest way to learn them? Some people think you should learn a list 'by heart'. Others think you should not learn them at all – you will just gradually acquire them over time.
One useful method is to note down new irregular verbs as you meet them. It is useful to write these verbs (or any vocabulary you want to learn) in sentences and learn those rather than the individual word.
Which is easier to learn?

stick stuck stuck
I stuck the photo into my album.

Another technique is to classify the irregular verbs into 4 categories.
1. All forms the same

set set set
cost cost cost

2. Similar sound groups

beat beat beaten
eat ate eaten
blow blew blown
throw threw thrown
drink drank drunk
sing sang sung
speak spoke spoken
wake woke woken

3. The second and third forms are the same.

bend bent bent
sleep slept slept
spend spent spent
bring brought brought
buy bought bought
teach taught taught
have had had
pay paid paid
say said said

4. The "unclassifiables"

come came come
do did done
go went gone
show showed show

As you meet new irregular verbs, try to decide in which category they fall.

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Past tense review

Past tense review

We can use the past simple to talk about actions and states which we see as completed in the past.

I left school when I was sixteen.
I was very happy then.
He told me all about his childhood.

We can use the past continuous to talk about past events which went on for a period of time.

While I was driving home, Peter was trying desperately to contact me.
I was thinking about him last night.
I was walking in the street when I suddenly fell over.

We can use the present perfect when we want to look back from the present to the past.

I've broken my watch so I don't know what time it is.
She hasn't arrived yet.
We've been to Singapore a lot over the last few years.
Have you ever been to Argentina?

The Present Perfect Continuous can be used to talk about an action or actions that started in the past and continued until recently or that continue into the future.

You look tired. Have you been sleeping properly?
I've been waiting for him for 30 minutes and he still hasn't arrived.
He's been phoning me all week for an answer.

We can use the past perfect simple to talk about what happened before a point in the past. It looks back from a point in the past to further in the past.

I hadn't known the bad news when I spoke to him.
I thought we had already decided on a name for this product.

We can use the past perfect continuous to look back at a situation in progress.

We had been thinking about buying a new house but then we decided to stay here.
It had been snowing for a while before we left.
She said she had been trying to call me all day.

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The imperative and The Passive voice

The imperative and The Passive voice

The imperative

We can use the imperative to give a direct order.

Take that chewing gum out of your mouth.
Stand up straight.
Give me the details.

We can use the imperative to give instructions.

Open your book.
Take two tablets every evening.
Take a left and then a right.

We can use the imperative to make an invitation.

Come in and sit down. Make yourself at home.
Please start without me. I'll be there shortly.
Have a piece of this cake. It's delicious.

We can use the imperative on signs and notices.

Push.
Do not use.
Insert one dollar.

We can use the imperative to give friendly informal advice.

Speak to him. Tell him how you feel.
Have a quiet word with her about it.
Don't go. Stay at home and rest up. Get some sleep and recover.

We can make the imperative 'more polite' by adding 'do'.

Do be quiet.
Do come.
Do sit down.

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The Passive

We use the active form to say what the subject does. For example:

I speak English every day at work.
I repaired the flat tire on the car.

We use the passive form to say what happens to people and things, to say what is done to them. For example:

English is spoken here.
The car is being repaired.

We use the passive form when we don't know who did the action. For example:

The car was damaged while it was parked on the street.
The shirts were made in Turkey.

We use the passive form when what was done is more important than who did it. For example:

It was approved by Gerry last week.
I was informed by the Human Resources Manager only two days ago.

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Can or Could and May or might

Can or Could and May or might

Can

We use 'can' to talk about 'possibility'.

Can you do that?
I can't manage to do that.
You can leave your car in that parking space.
You cannot smoke in here.

Notice that there are two negative forms: 'can't' and 'cannot'. These mean exactly the same thing. When we are speaking, we usually say 'can't'.

We use 'can' to talk about 'ability'.

I can speak French.
I can't drive.

We use 'can' to ask for and give permission. (We also use 'may' for this but is more formal and much less common.)

Can I speak to you or are you too busy?
You can use my phone.
You can't come in.

We use 'can' in offers, requests and instructions.

Can I help?
Can you give me a hand?
When you finish that, you can take out the garbage.

We use 'can' with 'see' 'hear' 'feel' 'smell' 'taste' to talk about something which is happening now . (Where you would use the present continuous with most other verbs.)

I can smell something burning.
Can you hear that noise?
I can't see anything.

We can use 'can't' for deduction. The opposite of 'can't' in this context is 'must'.

You can't be hungry. You've just eaten.
You must be hungry. You haven't eaten anything all day.
He was in London one hour ago when I spoke to him. He can't be here yet.

Could

'Could' can be used to talk about the past, the present or the future.

'Could' is a past form of 'can'

When I was living in Boston, I could walk to work.
He phoned to say he couldn't come.
I could see him clearly but I couldn't hear him and then the videoconference line went dead.

'Could' is used to make polite requests. We can also use 'can' for these but 'could' is more polite.

Could you help me, please?
Could you lend me some money?
Could I have a lift?
Could I bother you for a moment?

If we use 'could' in reply to these requests, it suggests that we do not really want to do it. If you agree to the request, it is better to say 'can'.

Of course I can.
I could help you if it's really necessary but I'm really busy right now.
I could lend you some money but I'd need it back tomorrow without fail.
I could give you a lift as far as Birmingham.

'Could' is used to talk about theoretical possibility and is similar in meaning to 'might'.

It could rain later. Take an umbrella.
He could be there by now.
Could he be any happier?
It could be Sarah's.

may

We can use 'may' to ask for permission. However this is rather formal and not used very often in modern spoken English

May I borrow your pen?
May we think about it?
May I go now?

We use 'may' to suggest something is possible

It may rain later today.
I may not have time to do it today.
Pete may come with us

might

We use 'might' to suggest a small possibility of something. Often we read that 'might' suggests a smaller possibility that 'may', there is in fact little difference and 'might is more usual than 'may' in spoken English.

She might be at home by now but it's not sure at all.
It might rain this afternoon.
I might not have time to go to the shops for you.
I might not go.

For the past, we use 'might have'.

He might have tried to call while I was out.
I might have dropped it in the street.

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Should and Must or have to

Should and Must or have to

Should

1-We use 'should' for giving advice.

You should speak to him about it.
He should see a doctor.
We should ask a lawyer.

We use 'should' to give an opinion or a recommendation.

He should resign now.
We should invest more in Asia.
They should do something about this terrible train service.

'Should' expresses a personal opinion and is much weaker and more personal than 'must' or 'have to'. It is often introduced by ' I think'.

I think they should replace him.
I don't think they should keep the contract.
Do you think we should tell her.

We can use 'should' after 'reporting verbs' such as
demand insist propose recommend suggest

He demanded that we should pay for the repair.
She insisted that she should pay for the meal.
I have proposed that he should take charge of the organization.
The committee recommends that Jane should be appointed.
We have suggested that Michael should be given a reward for his hard work.

However, it is also possible to say exactly the same thing by omitting the 'should' and just using the infinitive form without 'to' . Some people call this the 'subjunctive' form.

He demanded that we pay for the repair.
She insisted that she pay for the meal.
I have proposed that he take charge of the organization.
The committee recommends that Jane be appointed.
We have suggested that Michael be given a reward for his hard work.

We can use 'should' after various adjectives. Typical examples are :
funny interesting natural odd strange surprised surprising typical

It's funny that you should say that. I was thinking exactly the same thing.
It's interesting that they should offer him the job. Not an obvious choice.
It's natural that you should be anxious. Nobody likes speaking in public.
Isn't it odd that he should be going to the same tiny hotel? What a coincidence.
It's strange that you should think so. Nobody else does.

2 -We can use 'should' in 'if clauses' when we believe that the possibility of something happening is small.

If you should happen to see him before I do, can you tell him that I want to speak to him urgently?
If there should be a problem, just give me a call and I'll sort it out.
If anyone should ask where I am, say I'm in a meeting.

We use 'should' in various fixed expressions.
To show strong agreement

They're paying you compensation? I should think so.

To express pleasure when you receive a gift

What a fantastic present. You really shouldn't have.

To emphasize a visible emotion

You should have seen the look on her face when she found out that she had got the promotion.

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Must or have to

We can use 'must' to show that we are certain something is true. We are making a logical deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason.

There's no heating on. You must be freezing.
You must be worried that she is so late coming home.
I can't remember what I did with it. I must be getting old.
It must be nice to live in Florida.

We also use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' this usually means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (and the speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.)

I must go to bed earlier.
They must do something about it.
You must come and see us some time.
I must say, I don't think you were very nice to him.

We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means that some external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.

I have to arrive at work at 9 sharp. My boss is very strict.
We have to give him our answer today or lose out on the contract.
You have to pass your exams or the university will not accept you.
I have to send a report to Head Office every week.

In British English, we often use 'have got to' to mean the same as 'have to'.

I've got to take this book back to the library or I'll get a fine.
We've got to finish now as somebody else needs this room.

We can also use ' will have to' to talk about strong obligations. Like 'must' this usually means that that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary. (Remember that 'will' is often used to show 'willingness'.)

I'll have to speak to him.
We'll have to have lunch and catch up on all the gossip.
They'll have to do something about it.
I'll have to get back to you on that.

As you can see, the differences between the present forms are sometimes very small and very subtle. However, there is a huge difference in the negative forms.

We use 'mustn't' to express strong obligations NOT to do something.
We mustn't talk about it. It's confidential.
I mustn't eat chocolate. It's bad for me.
You mustn't phone me at work. We aren't allowed personal calls.
They mustn't see us talking or they'll suspect something.

We use 'don't have to' (or 'haven't got to' in British English) to state that there is NO obligation or necessity.

We don't have to get there on time. The boss is away today.
I don't have to listen to this. I'm leaving.
You don't have to come if you don't want to.
He doesn't have to sign anything if he doesn't want to at this stage.
I haven't got to go. Only if I want to

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Shall use in modern English

Shall use in modern English

Shall

We don't use 'Shall' very frequently in modern English, particularly in American English.

It is used to make offers and suggestions and to ask for advice.

What time shall we meet?

Shall we vote on it now?

What dress shall I wear?

Shall I open the window?

You only really need to know that about 'shall' in modern English. Read the rest of this only if you want to know more about how some older speakers still use 'shall'.

Formerly, in older grammar, 'shall' was used as an alternative to 'will' with 'I' and 'we'. Today, 'will' is normally used. When we do use 'shall', it has an idea of a more personal, subjective future.

I shall go to see the boss and I shall ask him to explain this decision.

Notice that the negative of 'shall' can be 'shall not' or 'shan't' – though the second one is now very rare in American English.

I don't like these people and I shall not go to their party.
I shan't object if you go without me.

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Present forms for the future

Present forms for the future

We use the present continuous to talk about things that we have already arranged to do in the future.

I've got my ticket. I'm leaving on Thursday.
I'm seeing Julie at 5 and then I'm having dinner with Simon.
He's picking me up at the airport.
The company is giving everyone a bonus for Christmas.

In many situations when we talk about future plans we can use either the present continuous or the 'going to' future. However, when we use the present continuous, there is more of a suggestion that an arrangement has already been made.

I'm going to see him./I'm seeing him.
I'm going to do it./I'm doing it.

We use the present simple to talk about events in the future which are 'timetabled'. We can also use the present continuous to talk about these.

My plane leaves at 6 in the morning.
The shop opens at 9.30.
The sun rises a minute earlier tomorrow.
My plane is leaving at 8.30.
The shop is closing at 7.00.
The sun is rising at 6.32 tomorrow.

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The Future Tenses ' going to, will '

Future tense ' going to, will '

There is no one 'future tense' in English. There are 4 future forms. The one which is used most often in spoken English is 'going to', not 'will'.

Going to

We use 'going to' when we want to talk about a plan for the future.

I'm going to see him later today.
They're going to launch it next month.
We're going to have lunch first.
She's going to see what she can do.
I'm not going to talk for very long.

Notice that this plan does not have to be for the near future.

When I retire I'm going to go back to Barbados to live.
In ten years time, I'm going to be boss of my own successful company.

We use 'going to' when we want to make a prediction based on evidence we can see now.

Look out! That cup is going to fall off.
Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain soon.
These figures are really bad. We're going to make a loss.
You look very tired. You're going to need to stop soon.

We can replace 'going to go' by 'going'.

I'm going out later.
She's going to the exhibition tomorrow.

Will

Some people have been taught that 'will' is 'the future' in English. This is not correct. Sometimes when we talk about the future we cannot use 'will'. Sometimes when we use 'will' we are not talking about the future.

We can use 'will' to talk about future events we believe to be certain.

The sun will rise over there tomorrow morning.
Next year, I'll be 50.
That plane will be late. It always is.
There won't be any snow. I'm certain. It's too warm.

Often we add 'perhaps', 'maybe', 'probably', 'possibly' to make the belief less certain.

I'll probably come back later.
He'll possibly find out when he sees Jenny.
Maybe it will be OK.
Perhaps we'll meet again some day.

We often use 'will' with 'I think' or 'I hope'.

I think I'll go to bed now.
I think she'll do well in the job.
I hope you'll enjoy your stay.
I hope you won't make too much noise.

We use 'will' at the moment we make a new decision or plan. The thought has just come into our head.

Bye. I'll phone you when I get there.
I'll answer that.
I'll go.
I won't tell him. I promise.

Will - other uses

Older textbooks often refer to 'will' as 'the future tense' and this has confused a lot of learners.

It is important to remember that when we talk about the future we cannot always use 'will' and that when we use 'will' we are not always talking about the future.

Here 'will' is clearly referring to the future.

If I speak to her, I'll tell her about it.
I'll probably visit Sue when I go to Oxford.
Next birthday she'll be 32. Or so she says.

In these examples, however, 'will' is referring to events happening at the present.

The car won't start.
If that's the phone, I'll get it.
Will you have another cup of coffee?

When we use 'will' referring to the present, the idea being expressed is usually one of 'showing willingness' or 'will power'.

My baby won't stop crying. I've tried everything and I'm really exhausted.
I am the boss. You will do as I say.
I need quiet to write this but he will keep on talking to me. I wish he would leave me alone.

We use 'will' for requests, orders, invitations and offers.

Will you give me a hand?
Will you please take a seat?
Will you have some cake?
I'll help you.

We use 'will' to make promises or threats.

I'll do it at once.
I'll phone him back immediately.
I won't forget this.
I'll get my own back some day.

We use 'will' for habit.

A cat will always find a warm place to sleep.
My car won't go any faster than this.

We use 'will' for deduction.

I expect he'll want us to get on with it.
The phone's ringing. That will be Mark.

Look again at all of these examples of 'will'. They are all to do with the present or are 'timeless'.

Going to or will

When we want to talk about future facts or things we believe to be true about the future, we use 'will'.

The President will serve for four years.
The boss won't be very happy.
I'm sure you'll like her.
I'm certain he'll do a good job.

If we are not so certain about the future, we use 'will' with expressions such as 'probably', 'possibly', 'I think', 'I hope'.

I hope you'll visit me in my home one day.
She'll probably be a great success.
I'll possibly come but I may not get back in time.
I think we'll get on well.

If you are making a future prediction based on evidence in the present situation, use 'going to'.

Not a cloud in the sky. It's going to be another warm day.
Look at the queue. We're not going to get in for hours.
The traffic is terrible. We're going to miss our flight.
Be careful! You're going to spill your coffee.

At the moment of making a decision, use 'will'. Once you have made the decision, talk about it using 'going to'.

I'll call Jenny to let her know. Sarah, I need Jenny's number. I'm going to call her about the meeting.
I'll come and have a drink with you but I must let Harry know. Harry, I'm going to have a drink with Simon.

=======================


1	I'm certain you'll do well in your new job.
		There is evidence now for the future event
		The speaker has already made an arrangement.
		Something the speaker thinks is certain to happen
		The speaker's decision is made at the moment of speaking
		The speaker has already made a decision

2	I'm convinced he'll be a success in the job.
		There is evidence now for the future event
		The speaker has already made an arrangement.
		Something the speaker thinks is certain to happen
		The speaker's decision is made at the moment of speaking
		The speaker has already made a decision

3	I'm seeing him at the end of the afternoon.
		There is evidence now for the future event
		The speaker has already made an arrangement.
		Something the speaker thinks is certain to happen
		The speaker's decision is made at the moment of speaking
		The speaker has already made a decision

4	No, you're my guest. I'll pay.
		There is evidence now for the future event
		The speaker has already made an arrangement.
		Something the speaker thinks is certain to happen
		The speaker's decision is made at the moment of speaking
		The speaker has already made a decision

5	It's late. I think I'll come in early tomorrow to finish this.
		There is evidence now for the future event
		The speaker has already made an arrangement.
		Something the speaker thinks is certain to happen
		The speaker's decision is made at the moment of speaking
		The speaker has already made a decision

6	The boss looks very angry. I think he's going to shout at us.
		There is evidence now for the future event
		The speaker has already made an arrangement.
		Something the speaker thinks is certain to happen
		The speaker's decision is made at the moment of speaking
		The speaker has already made a decision

7	I'm starting work there next Monday.
		There is evidence now for the future event
		The speaker has already made an arrangement.
		Something the speaker thinks is certain to happen
		The speaker's decision is made at the moment of speaking
		The speaker has already made a decision

8	That train always get in late. They won't be early.
		There is evidence now for the future event
		The speaker has already made an arrangement.
		Something the speaker thinks is certain to happen
		The speaker's decision is made at the moment of speaking
		The speaker has already made a decision

9	Don't worry. I'll get it.
		There is evidence now for the future event
		The speaker has already made an arrangement.
		Something the speaker thinks is certain to happen
		The speaker's decision is made at the moment of speaking
		The speaker has already made a decision

10	I'll help, if you want.
		There is evidence now for the future event
		The speaker has already made an arrangement.
		Something the speaker thinks is certain to happen
		The speaker's decision is made at the moment of speaking
		The speaker has already made a decision
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Past perfect and Past perfect continuous

Past perfect and Past perfect continuous

Past perfect

We use the past perfect simple to talk about what happened before a point in the past. It looks back from a point in the past to further in the past.

I hadn't known the bad news when I spoke to him.
I checked with the supplier and they still hadn't received the contract.
She had already told him before I got a chance to give him my version.
The company has started the year well but was badly hit by the postal strike.

The past perfect simple is often used when we report what people had said/thought/believed.

He told me they had already paid the bill.
He said he believed that John had moved to Italy.
I thought we had already decided on a name for this product.

Past perfect continuous

We use the past perfect continuous to look back at a situation in progress.

It was a good time to invest. Inflation had been falling for several months.
Before I changed jobs, I had been working on a plan to reduce production costs.
We had been thinking about buying a new house but then we decided to stay here.

We use it to say what had been happening before something else happened.

It had been snowing for a while before we left.
We had been playing tennis for only a few minutes when it started raining.
He was out of breath when he arrived because he had been running.

We use it when reporting things said in the past.

She said she had been trying to call me all day.
They said they had been shopping.
I told you I had been looking for some new clothes.

===============================

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Present perfect and Present perfect continuous course

Present perfect and continuous

Present perfect

(Please note that British and American English have different rules for the use of this tense. The explanation and exercises here refer to British English. In American English, it is often acceptable to use the past simple in some of these examples.)

We use the present perfect when we want to look back from the present to the past.

We can use it to look back on the recent past.

I've broken my watch so I don't know what time it is.
They have cancelled the meeting.
She's taken my copy. I don't have one.
The sales team has doubled its turnover.

When we look back on the recent past, we often use the words 'just' 'already' or the word 'yet' (in negatives and questions only).

We've already talked about that.
She hasn't arrived yet.
I've just done it.
They've already met.
They don't know yet.
Have you spoken to him yet?
Have they got back to you yet?

It can also be used to look back on the more distant past.

We've been to Singapore a lot over the last few years.
She's done this type of project many times before.
We've mentioned it to them on several occasions over the last six months.
They've often talked about it in the past.

When we look back on the more distant past, we often use the words 'ever' (in questions) and 'never'.

Have you ever been to Argentina?
Has he ever talked to you about the problem?
I've never met Jim and Sally.
We've never considered investing in Mexico.

Present perfect continuous

This tense is used to talk about an action or actions that started in the past and continued until recently or that continue into the future:

We can use it to refer to an action that has finished but you can still see evidence.

Oh, the kitchen is a mess. Who has been cooking?
You look tired. Have you been sleeping properly?
I've got a a stiff neck. I've been working too long on computer.

It can refer to an action that has not finished.

I've been learning Spanish for 20 years and I still don't know very much.
I've been waiting for him for 30 minutes and he still hasn't arrived.
He's been telling me about it for days. I wish he would stop.

It can refer to a series of actions.

She's been writing to her regularly for a couple of years.
He's been phoning me all week for an answer.
The university has been sending students here for over twenty years to do work experience.

The present perfect continuous is often used with 'since', 'for', 'all week', 'for days', 'lately', 'recently', 'over the last few months'.

I've been wanting to do that for ten years.
You haven't been getting good results over the last few months.
They haven't been working all week. They're on strike
He hasn't been talking to me for weeks.
We've been working hard on it for ages.
I've been looking at other options recently.
He's been working here since 2001.

Present perfect simple or continuous

Often there is very little difference between the present perfect simple and the present perfect continuous. In many cases, both are equally acceptable.

They've been working here for a long time but Andy has worked here for even longer.
I've lived here for 10 years and she has been living here for 12 years.

To emphasize the action, we use the continuous form.

We've been working really hard for a couple of months.
She's been having a hard time.

To emphasize the result of the action, we use the simple form.

I've made fifteen phone calls this morning.
He's written a very good report.

Look at the difference in these examples.

I've been reading this book for two months but I've only read half of it. It's very difficult to read.
She's been trying to convince him for 20 minutes but she hasn't managed to yet.
They've been talking about this for month and they still haven't found a solution.

When an action is finished and you can see the results, use the continuous form.

The phone bill is enormous. You've been calling your boyfriend in Australia, haven't you?
You're red in the face. Have you been running?

When you use the words 'ever' or 'never', use the simple form.

I don't know them. I've never met them.
Have you ever heard anything so strange in your life.

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